What are turning points or characteristic points of the boundaries of a land plot?

Turning points, also referred to as characteristic points, are essential for defining a land plot’s boundaries. These locations identify the precise corners and direction changes around the property’s perimeter. Recognizing their significance aids in making sure the land is accurately measured and recorded, averting possible conflicts with authorities or neighbors.

Usually, a professional surveyor will conduct a land survey to identify turning points. At each turning point, physical markers are frequently erected as part of this survey, which also includes exact measurements. These markers could be made of concrete posts, metal rods, or other long-lasting materials that won’t deteriorate with time.

Turning points are marked not only with physical markers but also with official land documents and maps. These documents serve as a legal description of the property’s borders and are necessary for any land-related transactions, including sales, leases, and construction projects. Precise documentation guarantees that all parties are aware of the boundaries of the property.

Maintaining the integrity of your property requires that you be aware of the turning points on your land plot. It guarantees that any building or renovation projects you take on comply with local regulations and helps prevent encroachments and disputes. Property owners can safeguard their investment and have peace of mind by precisely defining and adhering to these points.

Turning Point Characteristic Point
Where two boundary lines meet Specific markers indicating land boundaries
Changes in direction of boundary lines Defined by physical markers like posts or stakes

What it is?

Every land plot has a unique configuration. In addition, contrary to popular belief among those who are not well-versed in geodesy and cartography, a plot of land does not always depict a distinct rectangle with four lines and a 90-degree angle between them.

Contrary to popular belief, there may be far more forming lines than the four that define the site’s shape.

One boundary line ends, another one begins, and in the space between the two is a point that is designated as the turning (or characteristic) point of the land plot.

Anyone can locate these turning points between the drawn lines by visualizing a boundary plan or by examining an example of one.

In actuality, these established points serve as the foundation for the construction of site boundaries. These turning points are first identified through a variety of techniques, and the boundaries are then delineated by simply drawing straight lines between the characteristic designations.

Purpose

Designating coordinates for crossing boundary lines—that is, providing a precise indication of the boundaries—is the primary function of turning points.

The engineer who performs the surveying procedure and registers the survey file establishes the coordinates of the turning points and, by drawing straight lines between them, marks the distinct boundaries of the site. This is done based on the measurements and calculations made as well as the documentation that has been provided.

It follows that drawing the boundaries of the site cannot be done in reverse, as the line can be drawn based on the beginning and end coordinates. Without precise information for each of these coordinates, drawing the boundaries of the site will be impossible.

Let’s look at how to identify a land plot’s boundary turning points. Following intricate computations, precise value determination, physical placement, and boundary agreement with relevant parties (neighboring plot owners and users), the coordinates of the points are established in kind.

That is to say, when an engineer draws lines that form a land plot’s boundary, they actually set milestones.

Cadastral engineers who meet the necessary qualifications can place the site’s turning points.

You are not allowed to move these signs on the property yourself, even if the plot owner or his neighbor disagrees with the boundary’s location and feels that it affects their interests.

If the data on the site has already been entered into the national register, you will need to dispute the coordinates with the judicial authority or the organization that conducted the survey (within 30 days).

The individual who engaged in the unauthorized transfer of points in any direction may be held accountable and required to pay the applicable fines.

Border coordinates

Parallel to this definition, the nearly same term "coordinates of boundaries" is used when discussing the idea of coordinates of an allotment’s boundaries. Any assigned plot must enter its own data into a single state in compliance with the Federal Law governing state cadastral activities. register.

Although the format of any document containing this kind of information may vary slightly, they all include information on border coordinates.

In other words, these plans exhibit those distinctive informational cues that set them apart from any other plot anywhere in the world and, in fact, make it possible to pinpoint their location for the precise assignment of ownership.

Since the location and direction of the site’s boundaries are determined by single points, the coordinates of which become the so-called indicator of where the boundary will lie, it is actually impossible to establish the coordinates of the boundaries (from a mathematical standpoint).

Therefore, you should realize that when you use the term "boundary coordinates," you automatically mean the coordinates of turning or characteristic points.

According to the current legislation, in addition to the direct coordinates of the site’s turning points, these coordinates are also used to draw additional designations along a straight line that connects the allotment’s characteristic points when drawing boundaries in nature.

A certain length of direct lines is necessary because it can repeatedly break out due to external factors.

These extra designations fall between 1 and 200 meters; that is, a boundary mark needs to be erected at least every 200 meters, but it cannot be placed more frequently than once every meter.

Once the approval procedure has been completed with all interested parties and they have signed the relevant act, the cadastral engineer installs additional symbols.

Coordinates of turning points

Coordinates are a digital designation of a point’s location on the section’s ground; a closed figure is formed when a line is drawn between them to define the allotment’s boundaries.

Consequently, the area of such a closed region will be determined by taking into account the site’s configuration and the calculation parameters.

All land plot boundaries are included in the State Cadastre’s system of operations; these boundaries are established according to a comprehensive concept known as a geodetic network of Russian Federation lands.

When read by regular people who are not familiar with cartography or geodesy, the border coordinates themselves will not be very helpful.

Any cadastral engineer with expertise in this field can quickly ascertain and verify the actual location of the site on the ground and establish the boundaries between such points, that is, mark the boundary of a person’s property. These codes transform the meanings of the sites.

Because the designing of turning point coordinates is done using coded values, and the definition involves the use of sophisticated mathematical formulas and specialized equipment, the methods for calculating characteristic points are very meticulous and are always being improved.

Accurate property delineation and legal clarity depend on knowing the turning points and characteristic points of a land plot’s boundaries. By precisely identifying the corners and boundaries of your property, these markers can help you avoid conflicts with your neighbors and make sure that any renovations or construction stays within the law. Because well-defined boundaries are necessary for a seamless sale or transfer of ownership, accurately locating and documenting these points can also be helpful in future real estate transactions.

Determination methods

Engineers that directly work on creating plans use a variety of methods to determine the coordinates; five of these methods are directly applied on Russian Federation territory.

Following direct determination, these points go through a description process in a system of special coordinates that is intended only for cadastral designations before being transferred to topographic documents.

Geodesic

This approach combines the following techniques:

  • Triangulation. This technique allows you to create a reference network of geodetic points, on which the determination of the coordinates of the turning points of the site is based, between which the boundary is drawn. In principle, the entire network on which the system is built is made up of many such triangles, successively adjacent to each other;
  • Polygonometry method. It consists in measuring the lengths of lines on the area, which sequentially connect specific points and objects and in the process of their construction form the so -called polygonometric code;
  • Trilateration method. This method is based on determining the position of geodetic points by constructing a system of triangles adjacent to each other on the ground;
  • Serif method. This method is based on determining the coordinates of each individual point by measuring the elements connecting its location with individual points.

Satellite geodetic measurements

This approach is comparable to the geodesic principle but additionally incorporates information from satellite surveys of the region.

This guarantees increased measurement accuracy.

Seldom are turning point or feature point coordinates acquired via satellite found to be inaccurate.

Photogrammetric

This technique is predicated on the application of aerial photographs that have been downsized to the proper map scale in parallel with the cartometric method.

Such a technique is rarely used because of certain aspects of ownership that somewhat affect property rights.

Cartometric

The foundation of this approach is the use of cartographic material, which includes city and district plans as well as topographic maps that can be produced by individual municipalities.

After computing the point coordinates, the engineer plots them on the map. By looking at the map directly, he can then ascertain the precise location of the points and delineate the site’s natural boundaries.

Analytical

Coordinate determination is based on calculating allotment lines and angles using specific formulas from analytical geometry, trigonometry, and other fields.

Nowadays, a similar technique is very popular, and it is best to use it if software is available to guarantee the accuracy of the results.

Determination accuracy

Concepts like the accuracy of a given coordinate and its error are used when calculating coordinates.

In light of this idea, it is important to remember that legally defined permissible deviations from actual values enable you to use the acquired coordinates as actual points and place them in their proper locations.

The role of accuracy and error

The precision of the measurements taken has a major influence on the identification of the real boundary sections and the points that define its characteristics.

The discrepancy (difference) between the values that engineers obtained as a result of their calculations and the actual values could lead to error.

Error can arise from a number of sources, chief among them being human error—that is, an error committed by the engineer himself.

The terrain features of the area in relation to which the coordinates are determined, subpar or malfunctioning equipment, and unfavorable weather during direct measurements all have an impact on the magnitude of the error.

Permissible errors

The current edition of the Land Code of the Russian Federation stipulates that points obtained within the permissible values can be used to determine the actual boundaries of a land plot. This means that there is such a thing as permissible measurement error. In this case, every individual site (or its category) can have its own norm.

For now, the Russian Federation’s internal territories may have up to the following maximum error:

  • Allotments allocated within the city limits – 0.1 meter;
  • Allotments on the territory of which dachas, garages, private household plots are located – 0.2 meters;
  • Agricultural land – 2.5 meters.

The error can generally be measured with the currently available techniques to a value of literally up to 0.05 meters.

Even if they cross these boundaries and remain within acceptable bounds, a boundary plan is still being developed for those points.

Both property owners and potential purchasers must comprehend the pivotal or distinctive points of a land plot. By precisely defining the property’s boundaries, these points help to ensure that the land is used responsibly and neighborly disputes are avoided. Property value can also be impacted by clearly defined boundaries, so it’s critical to precisely locate and record these points.

A professional land survey is the first step towards accurate boundary marking. Surveyors measure and chart the plot using specialized instruments and methods, designating turning points with flags, stakes, or other markers. These points usually line up with corners and direction changes around the edge of the property. These markers guarantee that the boundaries are distinct and accepted by law.

The formal recording of these borders is another crucial element. Following the completion of the survey, the findings are documented in official records like land registries and property deeds. These documents serve as a permanent resource for property owners and may be important in the event of a property sale or disagreement. Maintaining distinct property boundaries requires that these documents are current and appropriately reflect the physical markers on the ground.

It’s also advised to maintain and inspect boundary markers on a regular basis. Markers may become dislodged or lost over time due to erosion or natural vegetation. Inspections on a regular basis ensure that the lines are maintained and that problems can be resolved quickly. Property owners can effectively safeguard their investment and have peace of mind by being aware of and maintaining the turning points of their land plot.

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