Who develops the project, diagram, technological map of the pit, why is this needed??

Any construction project needs to be carefully planned out before it can start. The creation of the project, diagram, and technology map of the pit is an essential component of this planning stage. But why are these intricate plans so crucial, and who is specifically in charge of making them?

Typically, a group of engineers and architects develops the project and diagram. Using their knowledge and experience, these experts design the pit to guarantee efficiency, safety, and adherence to all applicable laws. Conversely, the people who create the technological map are usually construction technologists, who are experts in the hands-on aspects of excavation and building.

The technological map of the pit is particularly important because it describes the excavation procedure in detail. Construction crews can better grasp what needs to be done, when it needs to be done, and how to do it correctly with the aid of this comprehensive guide. Errors and mishaps are much more likely in the absence of such a map.

In the end, these thorough plans are required to guarantee the pit is dug out effectively and safely. They guarantee that the project stays on track and within budget, help avoid expensive mistakes, and lower the chance of accidents. To put it briefly, careful planning is the cornerstone of any construction project that succeeds.

Who does the development?

The current urban planning legislation defines projects for the performance of work and the organization of construction, which are abbreviated as PPR and POS, respectively, as mandatory documents in a project for the construction of an object that involves the construction of a pit.

The aforementioned documents are created as part of the project as a whole, in accordance with Code of Practice 12-136, which was published in 2002. This allows design decisions to be coordinated with organizational measures during implementation.

Professionals with the necessary training and experience must design PPR for development and PIC. The PPR is ordered by the general contractor and decided upon with the customer, technical supervision, and organizations to whose balance the object will be transferred. The PIC is created by the designers and included in the project.

Why do you need project documentation??

Building any kind of commercial or residential structure on rich soil is forbidden. At the biological level, this layer is thought to be an active material that has the ability to change its own volume over time.

When building a structure with a basement, the excavation is typically done all over the construction site, with a challenging soil component and intricate geometric arrangement in the design. Consequently, you cannot anticipate every potential technological nuance without a project; without one, it is impossible.

The building model of the base, its measurements, and the primary features of the recess determine the foundation plan:

• the presence and number of slopes;
• type of installation of angular fasteners;
• the presence of inclined walls;
• Justification of the preferred type of recess: a pit or a trench, for a slab or strip foundation.

Design estimates and standards for its development

The PIC and PPR are the primary design documents for the pit, and their composition is subject to stringent regulations under the current state regulatory framework.

The approximate makeup of the PPR in the case of a recess with fastenings:

1. Project explanatory note.
2. Initial data.
3. Stage completion schedule approved by the customer.
4. General construction plan.
5. List of earthworks.
6. List of vehicles and their characteristics.
7. POS.
8. Excavation plans and sectional diagrams.
9. Excavation sheet piling project.

Essential regulatory resources for designers:

No	Purpose	No. SP	No. GOST	No. SNIP	Commissioning
1	The order of excavations	45-13330	2012
2	Preparation for foundations	22-13330	2011
3	Pile type foundations	24-13330	2011
4	Anti-corrosion protection	28-13330	2012
5	At the construction site	47-13330	2012
6	Organizational events in construction	48-13330	2012
7	Constructions	70-13330	2012
8	Insulating coatings	71-13330	2012
9	Territory defense	116-13330	2012
10	Geodetic research	126-13330	2012
eleven	Occupational safety, parts 1 and 2	12-03

Plan and drawing

A pit plan, which is included in the QOL section, needs to be completed as part of the facility design. This section’s first sheet includes general information, drawing specifications, and fundamental instructions for carrying out the foundation.

The pit plan, including foundation contours, excavation slopes, depth, and technology recommendations for its implementation, is displayed on the second sheet.

The plan’s execution algorithm:

• A matrix of finite axes and the contour of the object’s foundation are drawn.
• They retreat from the outside outline of the foundation by 100 mm, obtaining the contour of the excavation.
• They retreat from the outside boundaries to the maximum size of 500 mm allowed by the standards, and create a contour line for the bottom of the excavation.
• Retreat from the contour of the bottom of the slopes at 45 degrees, drawing the upper line of the slope.

Scheme

The general contractor, in consultation with the client and other interested parties, such as the object’s future balance holder, designed the routing as part of a PPR package. The goal of its development is to create a technologically sound excavation procedure for an object’s foundation.

Working technological maps are created for the production of various earthworks stages, such as loosening, cutting off the plant cover, and carrying out vertically oriented planning, based on the technological map included in the PPR.

Diagrams, work volumes, labor costs, vehicles, building materials, and equipment are developed when tying a TC to a particular object and construction modes.

Working technical committees are created in accordance with working design drawings, and they control standards and supplies for the proper execution of construction procedures when a pit is being built.

The following phases are covered by the TC:

• Leveling the soil within the geometry of the construction site using bulldozers;
• soil sampling with hydromechanical excavators, with a bucket operating on the “backhoe” principle, with subsequent loading into vehicles;
• finishing the ground level according to the project and cleaning the base of the excavation with bulldozers or other small-scale mechanization devices.

Areas of use of TTC

The majority of civil and industrial buildings in Russia are created using standardized designs that make use of comparable components and nodes. The intention behind this is to use mass-produced building supplies.

To address these situations, research and construction institutes have released standard technological maps. These maps show how highly qualified specialists developed the processes used to create pits, which have the highest efficiency indicators. It doesn’t take any additional knowledge to use them.

There are numerous development maps available today for various soil types and objects.

• 1.01.01.79, industrial facilities with a cubic capacity of up to 100,000 m3 for construction carried out in winter;
• 1.01.01.42, industrial facilities in rocky soils;
• 109-05, trenches with slopes;
• 62-04 ТК for excavation on soils of groups I – II.

The purpose of the TTK is to familiarize the contractor with the guidelines for pit production and to assist in the design of PPR, PIC, and other construction and technological documentation.

Using TTK facilitates:

1. organization of construction production,
2. increasing labor productivity,
3. reducing the cost of construction work,
4. quality improvement,
5. reduction of work duration,
6. improving safety,
7. rational use of labor and material resources and vehicles.

Drawing up a detailed technological map

A thorough technological map is created, either in the case of non-standard construction projects, based on a standard technical design or in its absence.

For instance, TC for a five-story brick residential building with a plan size of 31.1 by I2.0 meters will include the following sections:

• Description of climatic region: g. Novgorod. Climatic region II, subregion II B, average air temperature 4.1 C, about 573 mm of precipitation per year. Soil freezing depth – 1.70m. Soil – loam, soil classification 11.
• Drawing of soil excavation size 37.00×17.00 m, height 2.5 m, for building foundations.
• Working hours: carried out in 2 shifts.
• Scope of work: excavation and transportation of earth, cleaning the bottom of the pit.
• Production technology: clearing, removal of the plant layer of soil, leveling, drainage of subsoil and surface water, geo-location and arrangement of temporary works.
• Using transport to excavate soil – an excavator with a bucket capacity of 0.650 m3.
• Using transport to clean up the soil – mechanically using a bulldozer and manually.
• Map for removing excess soil using KamAZ-5511.
• The earth from the pit is excavated into 2 end penetrations.
• The calculation of earth excavation is carried out, which in this option will be equal to 64.11m3.

PPR for excavation development

The main document for the preparation pit is a work production project. It and the degree of skill with which each building phase is finished will determine the operational quality of the constructed facility. A plethora of factors impact the final product, and designers and developers must consider these factors when designing a PPR for a foundation pit.

First, technical calculations based on the aforementioned regulatory materials (SNIP, SP, and GOST) will need to be provided.

Additionally, the following standards must be considered:

• Type of soil at the construction site;
• recess height;
• soil subsidence coefficient;
• the possibility of collapse of the walls of the excavation;
• groundwater level.

The person carrying out the work must be aware that any departure from the authorized PPR constitutes a breach of the construction regulations and may result in legal action. Rearranging even a small piece of equipment on the premises can have detrimental effects.

Common Mistakes

The operational qualities and longevity of the object are significantly impacted by flagrant infractions and flaws in the pit’s design and construction.

When examining excavation projects, experts find that the following mistakes are most frequently made:

1. The most common mistake, but with far-reaching consequences, is to invite an inexperienced design company to develop a project.
2. There is no data in the graphic part of the project.
3. Incorrect development of PIC and PPR.
4. There is no conclusion from the SES on the compliance of the land plot with construction.
5. Lack of a map of road use for transit of heavy vehicles.
6. Error when establishing climatic region.
7. Errors in determining groundwater.
8. Lack of a license for the software for which the foundation pit was calculated.
9. Geological surveys contain unreliable data.
10. Incorrect calculation of soil volumes.
11. The gap for working in the cavity of the excavation and its slopes were not taken into account correctly.

Who develops the project, diagram, technological map of the pit?	Why is this needed?
Engineers and Architects	To ensure the pit is designed safely and efficiently, considering all structural and environmental factors.
Geotechnical Engineers	To analyze soil conditions and ensure the stability and suitability of the pit location.
Construction Managers	To coordinate and manage the construction process, ensuring that the pit is excavated according to plan and on schedule.

Any construction project must have a project, diagram, and technology map developed for it to be completed successfully. These records guarantee that the excavation project is organized and carried out in a safe, effective, and regulatory-compliant manner. A well-planned project offers a clear roadmap for the work ahead and helps avert costly blunders and potential pitfalls.

These intricate designs are usually the work of engineers and architects. They consider a number of variables, including the kind of soil, the climate, and the particular needs of the building site. Their knowledge guarantees that the excavation is done as efficiently and as little risk-wise as possible.

Construction projects run the risk of major delays, higher costs, and safety risks without these vital documents. In addition to streamlining the construction process, appropriate planning and documentation safeguard the environment and the workforce. To ensure a safe and successful construction project, time must be spent creating a thorough project, diagram, and technology map.

To guarantee safe and effective excavation, engineers and architects must create the project, diagram, and technology map of a pit. These documents describe the equipment required, safety precautions, and steps involved in the excavation process. They support cost control, accident prevention, and regulatory compliance for the project. A smoother and more successful project results from having well-developed plans that guarantee all parties involved in the construction understand their roles and responsibilities.

Video on the topic

Construction organization project. Lecture 3

Technological maps for the construction of a multi-storey building

Routing

TTK scheme for excavation soil development